Forming questions
UNIT 4: TAKE CARE!
PRESENT PERFECT
Forming Present Perfect
We use the past participle (verb3) of verbs to form the present perfect tense. The past participle of regular verbs is formed in the same way as in the past tense. See Irregular Verbs for a list of present, past and past participle forms of irregular verbs.| Affirmative Form | Subject + have / has + verb3 + complement She has found her book. |
| Negative Form | Subject + haven't / hasn't + verb3 + complement She hasn't found her book. |
| Question Form | Have / Has + subject + verb3 + complement ? Has she found her book? |
| Negative Question | Haven't / Hasn't + subject + verb3 + complement ? Hasn't she found her book? |
Ever
We use "ever" in interrogative sentences:
a. Have you ever been to the United States?
b. Have you ever traveled by train?
c. Have you ever failed a class?
Never
We use "never" in affirmative sentences: but the meaning is negative.
a. I have never cheated in an exam.
b. My son has never been to Moscow.
c. My brother has never visited London before.
Just
We use "just" to express a recently completed action.
a. The cat has just caught a bird.
b. The guests have just arrived.
c. I have just finished my homework.
Already
We use "already" to express that something has happened sooner than expected.
a. Don't forget to bring your book! Oh, I have already brought it.
b. The boys are going to pack, aren't they? No. They have already packed.
c. Is Adam going to buy a new car? No, he isn't. He has already bought it.
Yet
We use "yet" in interrogative and negative sentences and it suggests a time later than expected.
a. Have you done your homework? No, I haven't done it yet.
b. Has your father seen your report? No, he hasn't seen it yet.
c. Have the visitors arrived? No, they haven't arrived yet.
Since vs For Common Structures
| For | a day ten months three weeks six years two hours a long time several hours |
| since | 1990 May last year Christmas yesterday my wedding day she left you yesterday then I was born |
UNIT 3: QUANTIFIERS, DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining and non- defining relative clauses
UNIT 2: PAST SIMPLE, PAST CONTINUOUS, USED TO..
PAST SIMPLE
1. Simple past of Irregular verbs( which have to be memorized)
Affirmative case
have-had go-went ride-rode
come-came get-got buy-bought
take-took fly-flew write-wrote
eat-ate meet-met see-saw
2. Simple past of regular verbs
Affirmative case
Spelling rules:
1) Add -ed to the infinitive
2) Verbs ending in -e add only -d
3) Double the final consonant before adding -ed with verbs of only one syllable, ending in one vowel and one consonant, e.g. stop- stopped
4) Verbs ending in -y following a consonant, change the -y to -i before adding -ed
e.g. carry- carried
However -y following a vowel does not change
e.g. stay- stayed
Negative case
Regular verbs
Subject + didn't + infinitive
e.g. She didn't work yesterday
Irregular verbs
Subject + didn't + infinitive
e.g. we didn't go to the cinema last week
Interrogative case
Regular verbs
Did (n't) + Subject + infinitive
e.g. Did you play tennis last summer ?
Yes, I did
No, I didn't
Irregular verbs
Did (n't) + Subject + infinitive ?
Did he have breakfast this morning ?
Yes, he did
No, he didn't
1. Simple past of Irregular verbs( which have to be memorized)
Affirmative case
have-had go-went ride-rode
come-came get-got buy-bought
take-took fly-flew write-wrote
eat-ate meet-met see-saw
2. Simple past of regular verbs
Affirmative case
Spelling rules:
1) Add -ed to the infinitive
2) Verbs ending in -e add only -d
3) Double the final consonant before adding -ed with verbs of only one syllable, ending in one vowel and one consonant, e.g. stop- stopped
4) Verbs ending in -y following a consonant, change the -y to -i before adding -ed
e.g. carry- carried
However -y following a vowel does not change
e.g. stay- stayed
Negative case
Regular verbs
Subject + didn't + infinitive
e.g. She didn't work yesterday
Irregular verbs
Subject + didn't + infinitive
e.g. we didn't go to the cinema last week
Interrogative case
Regular verbs
Did (n't) + Subject + infinitive
e.g. Did you play tennis last summer ?
Yes, I did
No, I didn't
Irregular verbs
Did (n't) + Subject + infinitive ?
Did he have breakfast this morning ?
Yes, he did
No, he didn't
Let's practice the past simple👇
PAST CONTINUOUS
subject + was/were +V -ing.
I was studying.
Tom was working.
The children were playing.
In 1992 we were living in Cuba.
Today she’s wearing a blue dress, but yesterday she was wearing a black one.
Jimmy wasn’t working very hard.
The players were not playing well.
When the phone rang I was cleaning the windows.
I fell asleep while I was reading a book.
He was driving fast when the accident happened.
Were you watching television when I called you?
No, I wasn’t. I was listening to music.
Was it raining when you left the house?
No, it wasn’t. It was sleeting when I left the house.
I was studying.
Tom was working.
The children were playing.
| AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS | NEGATIVE STATEMENTS | ||||
| Subject | Past Tense of Be | Base Form of Verb +Ing | Subject | Past Tense of Be + Not | Base Form of Verb +Ing |
| I He She It | was | working. | I He She It | was not (wasn't) | working. |
| We You They | were | working. | We You They | were not (weren't) | working. |
Yes / No Questions
| YES/NO QUESTIONS | ||||||||
| Past Tense of Be | Subject | Base For of Verb + Ing | Short Answers Affirmative | Short Answers Negative | ||||
| Was | I he she it | working? | Yes. | I he she it | was | No. | I he she it | was not (wasn't) |
| Were | we you they | working? | we you they | were | we you they | were not (weren't) | ||
Example Sentences
I was studying chemistry last night.In 1992 we were living in Cuba.
Today she’s wearing a blue dress, but yesterday she was wearing a black one.
Jimmy wasn’t working very hard.
The players were not playing well.
When the phone rang I was cleaning the windows.
I fell asleep while I was reading a book.
He was driving fast when the accident happened.
Were you watching television when I called you?
No, I wasn’t. I was listening to music.
Was it raining when you left the house?
No, it wasn’t. It was sleeting when I left the house.
USED TO.../ DIDN'T USE TO...
- used to
We use used to + infinitive to talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It tells us that there was a repeated action or state in the past which has now changed.
She used to be a long-distance runner when she was younger.
I didn't use to sleep very well, but then I started doing yoga and it really helps.
Did you use to come here as a child?Click 👇
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/used-to-exercise-1.html
1st and 2nd Conditionals
First Conditional IF (Type 1)
Open Condition in present or future
If the weather is nice, we usually eat in the yard. (present)
(The weather might be nice or not, it's an open condition)
If the weather is nice tomorrow, we can eat in the yard. (future)
(Ther can be nice tomorrow or not? Open condition)
(We assume there is no weather forecast information available)
See First Conditional Details
Second Conditional IF (Type 2)
Unreal situation or very improbable Condition In the present or futureIf it were our day off today, we would be barbecuing now. (present)
(It is not our day off, unreal condition, we are probably at work and talking to co-workers)
If it were our day off tomorrow, we would have a barbecue. (future)
(It isn't our day off tomorrow, unless we can change our schedule and take tomorrow off somehow, improbable situation)
See Second Conditional Details
Third Conditional IF (Type 3)
Unreal Situation in the PastIf the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have barbecued. (past)
(The weather was not nice, and we didn't barbecue, imaginary situation)
If it had been our day off yesterday, we would have had a barbecue.(past)
(It weren't our day off, we worked all day, unreal situation)
UNIT 6: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The present perfect of 'be' + verb -ing
| Positive | Positive Short Form |
| I have been walking | I've been walking |
| you have been running | you've been running |
| he has been cooking | he's been cooking |
| she has been swimming | she's been swimming |
| it has been raining | it's been raining |
| we have been studying | we've been studying |
| they have been sleeping | they've been sleeping |
To make the negative, just add 'not':
| Negative | Negative Short Form |
| I have not been walking | I haven't been walking |
| you have not been running | you haven't been running |
| he has not been cooking | he hasn't been cooking |
| she has not been swimming | she hasn't been swimming |
| it has not been raining | it hasn't been raining |
| we have not been studying | we haven't been studying |
| they have not been sleeping | they haven't been sleeping |
| Questions |
| have I been walking? |
| have you been running? |
| has he been cooking? |
| has she been swimming? |
| has it been raining? |
| have we been studying? |
| have they been sleeping? |
For 'wh' questions put the question word first:
| what have I been doing? |
| where have you been running? |
| what has he been studying? |
| why has she been working today? |
| how long has it been raining? |
| how long have we been watching this film? |
| how long have they been living here? https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-present-perfect-continuous-1.html MODAL VERBS OF PROBABILITY Talking about the present:must / might / could / may / can't + infinitiveFor example:I am waiting for Julie with another friend, David. I ask: 'Where is Julie?' David guesses:
Notice that the opposite of 'must' is 'can't in this case.  ‘May’ vs. ‘Might’: What’s the Difference?“May” and “might” are commonly confused words with similar meanings in the English language. Both can express the subjunctive mood and both can supplement the main verb of a sentence.
Meet One of Your Ne |
UNIT 5: PAST SIMPLE/PRESENT PERFECT
Let's practice👇
PAST PERFECT
UNIT 4: PASSIVE FORMS
PASSIVE TENSE
VERB TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
When we say what people do, we use ACTIVE VERBS .
Eg. I buid, I speak, etc.
When we say what happens to people or things ( what is done to them) we use the PASSIVE.
The OBJECT of an ACTIVE VERB corresponds to the SUBJECT of the PASSIVE verb.
ACTIVE A does B
PASSIVE B is done (by) A
Use of Passive Voice
- When you don't know the person who performed the action.
The bank was robbed. - When it is not important who performed the action.
Harvard University was founded in 1636. - When the performer is not a specific person.
English is spoken in many countries around the world. - When you prefer not to mention the name of the performer.
I was told that you didn't go to work today. - Used with a performer: by + performer
- The cake was made by my cousin.
Passive Voice Examples
Let's practice the passive tense 👇
UNIT 3: VERB +GERUND
VERB + INFINITIVE
We use gerunds (verb + ing):
- After certain verbs - I enjoy singing
- After prepositions - I drank a cup of coffee before leaving
- As the subject or object of a sentence - Swimming is good exercise
We use 'to' + infinitive:
- After certain verbs - We decided to leave
- After many adjectives - It's difficult to get up early
- - I came to London to study English
We use the bare infinitive (the infinitive without 'to'):
- After modal verbs - I can meet you at six o'clock
- After 'let', 'make' and (sometimes) 'help' - The teacher let us leave early
- After some verbs of perception (see, watch, hear, notice, feel, sense) - I watched her walk away
- After expressions with 'why' - why go out the night before an exam?
Here are some of the most common verbs that are usually followed by the gerund.
- enjoy: I enjoyed living in France.
- fancy: I fancy seeing a film tonight.
- discuss: We discussed going on holiday together.
- dislike: I dislike waiting for buses.
- finish: We've finished preparing for the meeting.
- mind: I don't mind coming early.
- suggest: He suggested staying at the Grand Hotel.
- recommend: They recommended meeting earlier.
- keep: He kept working, although he felt ill.
- avoid: She avoided talking to her boss.
- agree: She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting.
- ask*: I asked to leave early / I asked him to leave early.
- decide: We decided to go out for dinner.
- help*: He helped to clean the kitchen / he helped his flatmate to clean the kitchen.
- plan: She plans to buy a new flat next year.
- hope: I hope to pass the exam.
- learn: They are learning to sing.
- want*: I want to come to the party / I want him to come to the party.
- would like*: I would like to see her tonight / I would like you to see her tonight.
- promise: We promised not to be late.
Verbs that take the gerund or 'to + infinitive' with examples and exercises:
- Verbs with gerunds and infinitives part 1
- Verbs with gerunds and infinitives part 2
- Verbs with gerunds and infinitives part 3
- Verbs with gerunds and infinitives part 4
UNIT 2: RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining relative clauses
We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.
We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, that, which, whose and whom) to introduce a defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined.):
They’re the people who want to buy our house.
Here are some cells which have been affected.
They should give the money to somebody who they think needs the treatment most.
[talking about an actress]
She’s now playing a woman whose son was killed in the First World War.
Spoken English:
In defining relative clauses we often use that instead of who, whom or which. This is very common in informal speaking:
They’re the people that want to buy our house.
Here are some cells that have been affected.
Non-defining relative clauses
We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about the person or thing. It is not necessary information. We don’t need it to understand who or what is being referred to.
We always use a relative pronoun (who, which, whose or whom) to introduce a non-defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined.)
Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year.
Not: Clare, I work with, is doing the London marathon this year.
Alice, who has worked in Brussels and London ever since leaving Edinburgh, will be starting a teaching course in the autumn.
PAST SIMPLE
1. Simple past of Irregular verbs( which have to be memorized)
Affirmative case
have-had go-went ride-rode
come-came get-got buy-bought
take-took fly-flew write-wrote
eat-ate meet-met see-saw
2. Simple past of regular verbs
Affirmative case
Spelling rules:
1) Add -ed to the infinitive
2) Verbs ending in -e add only -d
3) Double the final consonant before adding -ed with verbs of only one syllable, ending in one vowel and one consonant, e.g. stop- stopped
4) Verbs ending in -y following a consonant, change the -y to -i before adding -ed
e.g. carry- carried
However -y following a vowel does not change
e.g. stay- stayed
Negative case
Regular verbs
Subject + didn't + infinitive
e.g. She didn't work yesterday
Irregular verbs
Subject + didn't + infinitive
e.g. we didn't go to the cinema last week
Interrogative case
Regular verbs
Did (n't) + Subject + infinitive
e.g. Did you play tennis last summer ?
Yes, I did
No, I didn't
Irregular verbs
Did (n't) + Subject + infinitive ?
Did he have breakfast this morning ?
Yes, he did
No, he didn't
1. Simple past of Irregular verbs( which have to be memorized)
Affirmative case
have-had go-went ride-rode
come-came get-got buy-bought
take-took fly-flew write-wrote
eat-ate meet-met see-saw
2. Simple past of regular verbs
Affirmative case
Spelling rules:
1) Add -ed to the infinitive
2) Verbs ending in -e add only -d
3) Double the final consonant before adding -ed with verbs of only one syllable, ending in one vowel and one consonant, e.g. stop- stopped
4) Verbs ending in -y following a consonant, change the -y to -i before adding -ed
e.g. carry- carried
However -y following a vowel does not change
e.g. stay- stayed
Negative case
Regular verbs
Subject + didn't + infinitive
e.g. She didn't work yesterday
Irregular verbs
Subject + didn't + infinitive
e.g. we didn't go to the cinema last week
Interrogative case
Regular verbs
Did (n't) + Subject + infinitive
e.g. Did you play tennis last summer ?
Yes, I did
No, I didn't
Irregular verbs
Did (n't) + Subject + infinitive ?
Did he have breakfast this morning ?
Yes, he did
No, he didn't
Let's practice the past simple👇
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Comparative
- We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another person or thing.
- We use the superlative to compare one person or thing with his/ her/ its whole group.
Rules
Short adjectives
Adjective Comparative Superlative Spelling
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- old older the oldest add er/ est
tall taller the tallest
cheap cheaper the cheapest
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
late later the latest adjectives ending in e
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fat fatter the fattest one vowel+ one conso
big bigger the biggest nant...double the final consonant
thin thinner the thinnest
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
happy happier the happiest change y to i
easy easier the easiest
Long adjectives
Adjectives with two syllables not ending in -y and adjectives with 3 or more syllables use more and the most.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent
Irregular Comparative and Superlative
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Good better the best
Bad worse the worst
Little lesss the least
Far farther the farthest
Much/many more the most
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